I asked a question “The Universe is billions of years old. How old then, is Allah?”
Well, here’s the answer after a long wait.
Asking “How old?” implies a measurement of time. Now we all know that time started when the Universe was created. And so did space. But this reduces our frame of thought. There could be any number of things that might have been created before our Universe. There may be parallel universes running alongside ours for all we know.
You can skip this blockquote if you want.
There are many theories about the birth of the Universe. One of them is of Quantum Fluctuation.
Planck Time is the earliest moment in history where our physics still works. It is the shortest amount of time we can probe in the laboratory with our current knowledge of physics. It’s value is 10-43 sec.This particular theory states that Universe was born from a quantum vacuum. A quantum vacuum is a state of a quantum field in which no quanta are excited, i.e. no particles are present. It is a state of minimum energy and has potentiality (read Potential Energy). Laws of classical physics do not apply here, only quantum mechanics. Our Universe originated from a quantum vacuum. Before Planck time (10-43 seconds of the Universe), classical physics is not applicable to the Universe, i.e. space-time did not exist.
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle states that for a pair of conjugate variables for a particle, such as position/momentum and energy/time, it is impossible to have a precisely determined value of each member of the pair at the same time. For example, a particle pair can pop out of the vacuum during a very short time interval.So what the theory states is that according to Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, there were fluctuations in the vacuum and particles pairs appeared and disappeared quickly, from nothingness. This is not ordinary nothingness, it has potentiality. Slowly, this gave birth to the Universe which was a compact particle in the beginning with extremely high density, and expanded into “black holes forming and disappearing”. Expansion continued, space-time formed after Planck Time and slowly the Universe was created as we see it today.
I’m sorry, that was the most I could understand of this crappy concept. But it accepts the fact that energy (potentiality) was present at the beginning in the quantum vacuum. It’s origin, anyone?
If we take the first creation of Allah, i.e. the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.W.) and mark it as the beginning of celestial time, much before the birth of the Universe, or as the beginning of “all” time, what before it?
Allah is the creator of all, He created Space-Time so He cannot be subject to it. But the question above provides one problem in this theory. What was Allah doing before the origin of celestial time? The word “origin” indicates a beginning. If Allah is devoid of space-time, He has neither a future, nor a past. Only the present. If so, how do we explain our “past, present and future” in terms of His “present”?
Simple!
Let’s take the example of a ray of light. It travels from the Sun to our Earth. Let the Sun and Earth be two points A and B, respectively. At all given moments of our time, Allah is watching both points. He is aware of all that will happen when the ray originates from A, to the moment it culminates at B, i.e. He can see the past, present and future of that ray of light, at the same time!
Still confused? Let me simplify it more.
Picture a film editor with a reel of film spread out before him. The film is divided into different frames, each of which has a different moment of time imprinted on it. When we watch the film on a screen, each frame appears one by one, creating a “motion” effect. But the editor is looking at all frames at the same time.
Here, each frame on the film is analogous to each moment of time. We experience motion but Allah is looking at all moments simultaneously!
For Him, Prophet Adam (A.S.) is being created, the storm of Nooh (A.S.) is in full swing, Musa (A.S.) is splitting the Nile with his Asa (walking stick), Eesa (A.S.) is being crucified, Muhammad (S.A.W.W.) is declaring Prophethood, Ali (A.S.) is being born in the Ka’bah and martyred in the mosque of Kufah, Husain (A.S.) being slain in Karbala with his family and friends, Pakistan gaining independence, me typing this post, Zakir Naik and [Dr. ?] Israr Ahmed going bonkers and upholding the tyrannical Bani Umayyads (L.A.), all at the same moment!
Savvy? 
I’m feeling sleepy…
37 Responses
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Nice analogy about Film editor but what do you say about ‘end of this world? there would be no concept of time herefter,Jannah and Hell and If I remember hadith correctly, it is like that time would be presented in form of some animal and would be slaughtered. How will Allah look everything in future(in Jannah and Hell) without time?
Universal time would be slaughtered, celestial time would not. As long as we are present, time cannot die because we have a beginning and an end. For Allah, we are already in Heaven or Hell.
REGARDLESS of the fact that I have been wondering HOW much time a study of such an issue would require.. I am impressed! And I actually went through each line of this post.
Well written, Ali! And the ending was fabulous! =)
very well written SAWJ…i’m impressed too!
celestial time
so according to that we would grow old in heaven and hell? which actually is not true.
waiting for your dr zakir naik’s post now
@Ammar: Thanks man! To tell you the truth, the credit goes to Allama Zameer Akhtar Naqvi for the research and thinking. I just thought on top of that!
@KW: Thanks. Zakir Naik post may take some time.
@Adnan: We will all be of the age 32 in heaven. Our age will increase in numbers but our bodies won’t age. Power of God!
Coolness!
Elaborate!
Ali, I liked the way you respect your mentor, It would help you a lot to advance further,insha Allah. God bless you bro and my prayers are also with you.
It was indeed a nice article.
Oho, today is not a good day to eloborate on things!
What I mean is that was one heck of an interesting post!
Plus, the analogy with the film editor was awesome, plus the whole fact that Allah is looking at all the moments simultaneously is just coolness extreme!
@Adnan and Saira: Thanks a lot guys!
Why, why, why are you calling me Saira?!
Because I’m having fun!
*grumble grumble*
really impressed by your post!!
Thanks.
Allah Mian is helping me impress girls!
Counting Ammar out, that is.
Beautiful……should I say Food for Thought.
Well Written
Thanks!
Welcome to my blog!
Hi Sawj
How do you explain the origin of the universe if their was no concept of time at all? the concept of creation implies a time of non-creation, therefore a time when the universe wasn’t created, a before and after.
Hello Soren, please read the post above again. Thanks and welcome to my blog!
Good post….
My question has always been
“What did Allah get from making all of us? , What was the idea of creating this universe? Was it just an experiment? If it was, then are we all just mere actors in this already written and directed play? ”
Allah keep me away from thinking too deep about things and confusing myself but I dont understand things when I think about them.
Why am I here? Why do I do what I do? Were these choices made for me in disguise or I am going on a path I chose myself?
Thanks.
“What did Allah get from making all of us? , What was the idea of creating this universe? Was it just an experiment? If it was, then are we all just mere actors in this already written and directed play? ”
For Him to be God, He needs subjects. The idea was for His creation to acknowledge His God-liness. And you are indeed going on a path you choose. That’s why there are so many atheists around.
Welcome to my blog!
Thanks,
From years my mind has never rested thinking about things which lead me to somewhere with a dead end…
For example, A murder has it written in his faith that he will murder someone and that someone has his death written which implies that he will be murdered…if that is the case then why do we punish the murdered? It is said everywhere that insaan kay marnay ka waqt, jagah aur wajah pehaly say hi tay hai…!!!!!!!
Its just a whirpool i keep on swining around…
Pehlay se kuch tay nahin hai. Apna fate insaan khud banata hay. Bas kuch cheezon pe khuda ka ikhtiar hai, kyoonkay woh khuda hai.
You need a good mentor who can help you find answers bro.
“Zakir Naik and [Dr. ?] Israr Ahmed going bonkers and upholding the tyrannical Bani Umayyads (L.A.), all at the same moment!”
Lets look forward to a day when a very well written article ends with respect for mankind and muslims in general. May Allah Honor Alhle-Baith, Asharathu Mubashara, Ansar, Muhajireen, Khulafa-ur-Rashideen, and the rest of Sahabas and muslims who helped our prophet throughout his life and after.
-
An Ummathee from the Ummath of the Rahmathun-lil-Aalameen
Time is not a structure like space to allow sapce-to time-back to space jumping regardless what physicists have/had to say about it because Physics is a business and not necxessarily science or scientific and like every business it comes with fraud and fraud is Einstein’s space-time confusions of physics
For over four hundred years physicists mathematicians and Astrophysicists missed Time dependent Kepler equation that Quantum effects and reduces classical mechanics and quantum mechanics to one and explains “relativistic” effects as Measurement errors made by Alfred Nobel prize winner Paper physicists without any proofs. The experimental proofs of space-time amounts to nothing and nothing is relativity theory. I can prove that
Kepler (demolish) Vs Einstein’s
Ending Einstein’s space jail of time in 2009 that led to fraud Symbol E=mc²
Areal velocity is constant: r² θ’ =h Kepler’s Law
h = 2π a b/T; b=a√ (1-ε²); a = mean distance value; ε = eccentricity
r² θ’= h = S² w’
S = r exp (ỉ wt); h = [r² Exp (2iwt)] w’=r²θ’
w’ = (θ’) exp [-2(i wt)]
w’= (h/r²) [cosine 2(wt) - ỉ sine 2(wt)] = (h/r²) [1- 2sine² (wt) - ỉ sin 2(wt)]
w’ = w’(x) + ỉ w’(y) ; w’(x) = (h/r²) [ 1- 2sine² (wt)]
Δ w’= w’(x) – (h/r²) = - 2(h/r²) sine² (wt) = - 2(h/r²) (v/c) ² v/c=sine wt
(h/ r²)(Perihelion/Periastron)= [2πa.a√ (1-ε²)]/Ta² (1-ε) ²= [2π√ (1-ε²)]/T (1-ε) ²
Δ w’ = [w'(x) – h/r²] = -4π {[√ (1-ε²)]/T (1-ε) ²} (v/c) ² radian per second
{x [180/π;degrees]x[100years=36526days;century]x[3600;seconds in degree]
Δ w” = (-720×36526x3600/T) {[√ (1-ε²]/(1-ε)²} (v/c)² seconds of arc per century
This Kepler’s Equation solves all the problems Einstein and all physicists could not solve
DI Her Binary starts systems
The circumference of an ellipse: 2πa (1 - ε²/4 + 3/16(ε²)²- –.) ≈ 2πa (1-ε²/4); R =a (1-ε²/4) v=√ [G m M / (m + M) a (1-ε²/4)] ≈ √ [GM/a (1-ε²/4)]; m<<M; Solar system
Advance of Perihelion of mercury.
G=6.673×10^-11; M=2×10^30kg; m=.32×10^24kg
ε = 0.206; T=88days; c = 299792.458 km/sec; a = 58.2km/sec
Calculations yields:
v =48.14km/sec; [√ (1- ε²)] (1-ε) ² = 1.552
Δ w”= (-720×36526x3600/88) x (1.552) (48.14/299792)²=43.0”/century
Conclusions: The 43″ seconds of arc of advance of perihelion of Planet Mercury (General relativity) is given by Kepler’s equation better than all of Published papers of Einstein. Kepler’s Equation can solve Einstein’s nemesis DI Her Binary stars motion and all the other dozens of stars motions posted for past 40 years on NASA website SAO/NASA as unsolved by any physics
Anyone dare to prove me wrong?
Einstein’s Physics Dollar Store on Campus
MIT Harvard Cal-Tech
Sponsored by NASA
Why Relativity theory is not Physics and why Einstein’s “thought” = 0
Walking the walk and talking the talk taking on all space-time confusion of physics by
MIT Harvard and Cal-Tech and all other Physics dollar stores departments
And why LHC burned itself
Visual Effects and the confusions of “Modern” physics
r ——— Light sensing of moving objects ——- S
Actual object—– Light ——— Visual object
r - ——-cosine (wt) + i sine (wt) - S = r [cosine (wt) + i sine (wt)]
Newton– Kepler’s time visual effects — Time dependent Newton
Particle ————– Visual effects ——————– Wave
Line of Sight: r cosine wt
r ——————- r cosine (wt) line of sight light aberrations
A moving object with velocity v will be visualized by
light sensing through an angle (wt);w = constant and t= time
Also, sine wt = v/c; cosine wt = √ [1-sine² (wt) = √ [1-(v/c) ²]
A visual object moving with velocity v will be seen as S
S = r [cosine (wt) + i sine (wt)] = r Exp [i wt]; Exp = Exponential
S = r [√ [1-(v/c) ²] + ỉ (v/c)] = S x + i S y
S x = Visual along the line of sight = r [√ [1-(v/c) ²]
This Equation is special relativity length contraction formula
And it is just the visual effects caused by light aberrations of a
moving object along the line of sight.
In a right angled velocity triangle A B C: Angle A = wt; angle B = 90°; Angle C = 90° -wt
AB = hypotenuse = c; BC = opposite = v; CA= adjacent = c √ [1-(v/c) ²]
V1143Cgyni Binary Stars Apsidal motion Puzzle solution
The motion puzzle that Einstein MIT Harvard Cal-tech NASA and all others could not solve.
Introduction: For 350 years Physicists Astronomers and Mathematicians missed Kepler’s time dependent equation that changed Newton’s equation into a time dependent Newton’s equation and together these two equations combine classical mechanics and quantum mechanics into one mechanics explains “relativistic” effects as the difference between time dependent measurements and time independent measurements of moving objects and solve all motion in all of Mechanics posted on Smithsonian NASA website SAO/NASA that Einstein and all 100,000 space-time “physicists” could not solve by space-time physics or any published physics.
All there is in the Universe is objects of mass m moving in space (x, y, z) at a location
r = r (x, y, z). The state of any object in the Universe can be expressed as the product
S = m r; State = mass x location:
P = d S/d t = m (d r/dt) + (dm/dt) r = Total moment
= change of location + change of mass
= m v + m’ r; v = velocity = d r/d t; m’ = mass change rate
F = d P/d t = d²S/dt² = Total force
= m(d²r/dt²) +2(dm/dt)(d r/d t) + (d²m/dt²)r
= mγ + 2m’v +m”r; γ = acceleration; m” = mass acceleration rate
In polar coordinates system
r = r r(1) ;v = r’ r(1) + r θ’ θ(1) ; γ = (r” - rθ’²)r(1) + (2r’θ’ + rθ”)θ(1)
Proof:
r = r [cosθ î + sinθĴ] = r r (1); r (1) = cosθ î + sinθ Ĵ
v = d r/d t = r’ r (1) + r d[r (1)]/d t = r’ r (1) + r θ’[- sinθ î + cos θĴ] = r’ r (1) + r θ’ θ (1)
θ (1) = -sinθ î +cosθ Ĵ; r(1) = cosθî + sinθĴ
d [θ (1)]/d t= θ’ [- cosθî - sinθĴ= - θ' r (1)
d [r (1)]/d t = θ’ [ -sinθ'î + cosθ]Ĵ = θ’ θ(1)
γ = d [r'r(1) + r θ' θ (1)] /d t = r” r(1) + r’ d[r(1)]/d t + r’ θ’ r(1) + r θ” r(1) +r θ’ d[θ(1)]/d t
γ = (r” - rθ’²) r(1) + (2r’θ’ + r θ”) θ(1)
F = m[(r"-rθ'²)r(1) + (2r'θ' + rθ")θ(1)] + 2m’[r'r(1) + rθ'θ(1)] + (m”r) r(1)
= [d²(mr)/dt² - (mr)θ'²]r(1) + (1/mr)[d(m²r²θ')/dt]θ(1) = [-GmM/r²]r(1)
d²(mr)/dt² - (mr)θ’² = -GmM/r² Newton’s Gravitational Equation (1)
d(m²r²θ’)/dt = 0 Central force law (2)
(2) : d(m²r²θ’)/d t = 0 m²r²θ’ = [m²(θ,0)φ²(0,t)][ r²(θ,0)ψ²(0,t)][θ'(θ, t)]
= [m²(θ,t)][r²(θ,t)][θ'(θ,t)]
= [m²(θ,0)][r²(θ,0)][θ'(θ,0)]
= [m²(θ,0)]h(θ,0);h(θ,0)=[r²(θ,0)][θ'(θ,0)]
= H (0, 0) = m² (0, 0) h (0, 0)
= m² (0, 0) r² (0, 0) θ’(0, 0)
m = m (θ, 0) φ (0, t) = m (θ, 0) Exp [λ (m) + ì ω (m)] t; Exp = Exponential
φ (0, t) = Exp [ λ (m) + ỉ ω (m)]t
r = r(θ,0) ψ(0, t) = r(θ,0) Exp [λ(r) + ì ω(r)]t
ψ(0, t) = Exp [λ(r) + ỉ ω (r)]t
θ’(θ, t) = {H(0, 0)/[m²(θ,0) r(θ,0)]}Exp{-2{[λ(m) + λ(r)]t + ì [ω(m) + ω(r)]t}} ——I
Kepler’s time dependent equation that Physicists Astrophysicists and Mathematicians missed for 350 years that is going to demolish Einstein’s space-jail of time
θ’(0,t) = θ’(0,0) Exp{-2{[λ(m) + λ(r)]t + ỉ[ω(m) + ω(r)]t}}
(1): d² (m r)/dt² - (m r) θ’² = -GmM/r² = -Gm³M/m²r²
d² (m r)/dt² - (m r) θ’² = -Gm³ (θ, 0) φ³ (0, t) M/ (m²r²)
Let m r =1/u
d (m r)/d t = -u’/u² = -(1/u²)(θ’)d u/d θ = (- θ’/u²)d u/d θ = -H d u/d θ
d²(m r)/dt² = -Hθ’d²u/dθ² = - Hu²[d²u/dθ²]
-Hu² [d²u/dθ²] -(1/u)(Hu²)² = -Gm³(θ,0)φ³(0,t)Mu²
[d²u/ dθ²] + u = Gm³(θ,0)φ³(0,t)M/H²
t = 0; φ³ (0, 0) = 1
u = Gm³(θ,0)M/H² + Acosθ =Gm(θ,0)M(θ,0)/h²(θ,0)
mr = 1/u = 1/[Gm(θ,0)M(θ,0)/h(θ,0) + Acosθ]
= [h²/Gm(θ,0)M(θ,0)]/{1 + [Ah²/Gm(θ,0)M(θ,0)][cosθ]}
= [h²/Gm(θ,0)M(θ,0)]/(1 + εcosθ)
mr = [a(1-ε²)/(1+εcosθ)]m(θ,0)
r(θ,0) = [a(1-ε²)/(1+εcosθ)] m r = m(θ, t) r(θ, t)
= m(θ,0)φ(0,t)r(θ,0)ψ(0,t)
r(θ,t) = [a(1-ε²)/(1+εcosθ)]{Exp[λ(r)+ω(r)]t} Newton’s time dependent Equation ——–II
If λ (m) ≈ 0 fixed mass and λ(r) ≈ 0 fixed orbit; then
θ’(0,t) = θ’(0,0) Exp{-2ì[ω(m) + ω(r)]t}
r(θ, t) = r(θ,0) r(0,t) = [a(1-ε²)/(1+εcosθ)] Exp[i ω (r)t]
m = m(θ,0) Exp[i ω(m)t] = m(0,0) Exp [ỉ ω(m) t] ; m(0,0)
θ’(0,t) = θ’(0, 0) Exp {-2ì[ω(m) + ω(r)]t}
θ’(0,0)=h(0,0)/r²(0,0)=2πab/Ta²(1-ε)²
= 2πa² [√ (1-ε²)]/T a² (1-ε) ²; θ’(0, 0) = 2π [√ (1-ε²)]/T (1-ε) ²
θ’(0,t) = {2π[√(1-ε²)]/T(1-ε)²}Exp{-2[ω(m) + ω(r)]t
θ’(0,t) = {2π[√(1-ε²)]/(1-ε)²}{cos 2[ω(m) + ω(r)]t - ỉ sin 2[ω(m) + ω(r)]t}
θ’(0,t) = θ’(0,0) {1- 2sin² [ω(m) + ω(r)]t - ỉ 2isin [ω(m) + ω(r)]t cos [ω(m) + ω(r)]t}
θ’(0,t) = θ’(0,0){1 - 2[sin ω(m)t cos ω(r)t + cos ω(m) sin ω(r) t]²}
- 2ỉ θ’(0, 0) sin [ω (m) + ω(r)] t cos [ω (m) + ω(r)] t
Δ θ (0, t) = Real Δ θ (0, t) + Imaginary Δ θ (0.t)
Real Δ θ (0, t) = θ’(0, 0) {1 - 2[sin ω (m) t cos ω(r) t + cos ω (m)t sin ω(r)t]²}
W(ob) = Real Δ θ (0, t) - θ’(0, 0) = - 2 θ’(0, 0){(v°/c)√ [1-(v*/c) ²] + (v*/c)√ [1- (v°/c) ²]}²
v ° = spin velocity; v* = orbital velocity; v°/c = sin ω (m)t; v*/c = cos ω (r) t
v°/c << 1; (v°/c)² ≈ 0; v*/c << 1; (v*/c)² ≈ 0
W (ob) = - 2[2π √ (1-ε²)/T (1-ε) ²] [(v° + v*)/c] ²
W (ob) = (- 4π /T) {[√ (1-ε²)]/ (1-ε) ²} [(v° + v*)/c] ² radians
W (ob) = (-720/T) {[√ (1-ε²)]/ (1-ε) ²} [(v° + v*)/c] ² degrees; Multiplication by 180/π
W° (ob) = (-720×36526/T) {[√ (1-ε²)]/ (1-ε) ²} [(v°+ v*)/c] ² degrees/100 years
W” (ob) = (-720×26526x3600/T) {[√ (1-ε²)]/ (1-ε) ²} [(v° + v*)/c] ² seconds /100 years
The circumference of an ellipse: 2πa (1 - ε²/4 + 3/16(ε²)²- –.) ≈ 2πa (1-ε²/4); R =a (1-ε²/4)
v (m) = √ [GM²/ (m + M) a (1-ε²/4)] ≈ √ [GM/a (1-ε²/4)]; m<<M; Solar system
v (M) = √ [Gm² / (m + M)a(1-ε²/4)] ≈ 0; m<<M
Application 1: Advance of Perihelion of mercury.
G=6.673×10^-11; M=2×10^30kg; m=.32×10^24kg; ε = 0.206; T=88days
c = 299792.458 km/sec; a = 58.2km/sec; 1-ε²/4 = 0.989391
ρ (m) = 0.696×10^9m; ρ(m)=2.44×10^6m; T(sun) = 25days
v° (M) = 2km/sec ; v° = 2meters/sec
v *= v(m) = √ [GM/a (1-ε²/4)]; v(M) = √[Gm²/(m + M)a(1-ε²)] ≈ 0
v°(m) = 2m/sec (Mercury) v°(M)= 2km/sec(sun)
Calculations yields: v = v* + v° =48.14km/sec (mercury); [√ (1- ε²)] (1-ε) ² = 1.552
W” (ob) = (-720×36526x3600/T) {[√ (1-ε²)]/ (1-ε) ²} (v/c) ²
W” (ob) = (-720×36526x3600/88) x (1.552) (48.14/299792)² = 43.0”/century
V1143Cgyni Apsidal Motion Solution
W° (ob) = (-720×36526/T) {[√ (1-ε²)]/ (1-ε) ²} [(v°+ v*)/c] ² degrees/100 years
v° = -v°(m) + v°(M)
v* = 2v(cm) + σ
v°(m) = spin velocity of primary
v°(M) = spin velocity of secondary
v(cm) = [m v(m) + M v(M)]/(m + M) center of mass velocity
σ = √ {{[v(m) - v(cm)]² + [v(M) - v(cm)]²}/2} = standard deviation
W° = 3.36°/century as reported in many articles
Hate to break it to you dude, but no one’s reading!
Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity explained as Visual Deceptions by:
S = r Exp ỉ ω t; sin ω t= v/c; v=speed; c=light speed
By Joe Nahhas
Abstract: Relativity theory can be explained as light visual deceptions given by equation S = r Exp ỉ ω t; sin ω t = v/c; v = speed and c = light speed.
Object at r —————- Light sensing of moving objects ——————- (seen as) S
r ———————– Cosine (wt) + i sine (wt) ——– S = r [cosine (wt) + i sine (wt)]
Particle ————————- Light —————————— Wave
Newton —————– Kepler’s Time dependent ———- Newton’s Time dependent
1- Advance of Perihelion of mercury
What is the visual effect for angular velocity along the line of sight? At Perihelion It is called the Advance of perihelion. Let us derive that
Areal velocity is constant: r² θ’ =h Kepler’s Law
h = 2π a b/T; b=a√ (1-ε²); a = mean distance value; ε = eccentricity
S = r Exp (ỉ wt); r² θ’= h = S² w’
h = S²w’= [r² Exp (2iwt)] w’=r²θ’; w’ = (θ’) exp [-2(ỉ wt)]
And w’= (h/r²) [cosine 2(wt) - ỉ sine 2(wt)] = (h/r²) [1- 2sine² (wt) - ỉ sin 2(wt)]
With w’ = w’ (x) + ỉ w’(y); w’(x) = (h/r²) [1- 2sine² (wt)]
Δ w’= w’(x) – (h/r²) = - 2(h/r²) sine² (wt) = - 2(h/r²) (v/c) ² v/c=sine wt
Angular velocity (h/ r²) (Perihelion/Periastron) = [2πa.a√ (1-ε²)]/Ta² (1-ε) ²= [2π√ (1-ε²)]/T (1-ε) ²
Δ w’ = [w'(x) – h/r²] = -4π {[√ (1-ε²)]/T (1-ε) ²} (v/c) ² radian per second
[180/π; degrees][100years=36526days; century] x [3600; seconds in degree]
Δ w” = (-720×36526x3600/T) {[√ (1-ε²]/(1-ε)²} (v/c)² seconds of arc per century
The circumference of an ellipse: 2πa (1 - ε²/4 + 3/16(ε²)²- –.) ≈ 2πa (1-ε²/4); R =a (1-ε²/4)
v=√ [G m M / (m + M) a (1-ε²/4)] ≈ √ [GM/a (1-ε²/4)]; m<<M; Solar system
G =6.673×10^-11; M=2×10^30kg; m=.32×10^24kg
ε = 0.206; T=88days; c = 299792.458 km/sec; a = 58.2km/sec
Calculations yields:
v =48.14km/sec; [√ (1- ε²)] (1-ε) ² = 1.552
Δ w”= (-720×36526x3600/88) x (1.552) (48.14/299792)²=43.0”/century
2- DI Herculis Apsidal motion solution: derived from S= r exp ỉ [ω (r) + ω (m)] t
(See other articles by Joe Nahhas)
W° (ob) = (-720×36526/T) x {[√ (1-ε²)]/ (1-ε) ²} [(v*/c) + (v°/c)] ² degrees/ century
Where v* = v (center of mass) = 106.38km/sec; v° (spin difference) = 0
T = orbital period; ε = eccentricity; c =light speed
Application 3: Gravitational red shift: Pound Rebka Experiment
S = r Exp [î ω t]
1/S = 1/r Exp [-ỉ ω t]
And λ (S) = λ (r) Exp [-ỉ ω t]; λ = wavelength
Then υ(s) = υ(r) Exp [ỉ ω t]; υ = frequency
And υ(S) = υ (r, t) = υ(r, 0) υ (0, t) = υ(r) υ (0, t)
With sin ω(r) t = v/c; cosine ω(r) t = √ [1-(v/c) ²]
Then υ (r, t) = υ(r, 0) {√ [1-(v/c) ²] + ỉ (v/c)} = Real {υ(r, t)} + Imaginary {υ(r, t)}
Real {υ (r, t)} = υ (r, 0) √ [1-(v/c) ²] ≈ υ (r, 0) [1 - 1/2(v/c) ²]
Δ υ (r, t) = real {υ (r, t)} - υ (0, t)
Δ υ (r, t) = -υ (r, 0)/2 [(v/c) ²]
Δ υ(r, t)/υ(r, 0) = -1/2(v/c)²[up]-{1/2(v/c)²[down]} = - (v/c) ²
v² = 2gh; g = 9.81km/s² gravitational acceleration; h = height
Δ υ/υ [Total] =-[2gh/c²]
4- Light bending: Lord Edenton experiment
S = r Exp [ỉ ω t]; From Kepler’s Equation: r² θ’ = h = 2A/T
h = S²(r, t) θ’(r, t) = r² (θ, t) θ’ (θ, t) = r² (θ, 0) Exp [2ỉ ω t] θ’ (θ, t) = 2A/t
And θ’ (θ, t) = θ’ (θ, 0) θ’(0, t) = [h/ r² (θ, 0)] Exp [-2ỉ ω(r) t]
Then θ ‘(θ, t) = [2A/t r² (θ, 0)] {1 - 2sin²ω(r) t - 2ỉ sin ω(r) t cosine ω(r) t}
Now [t θ'(θ, t)] = [2A/r² (θ' 0)] [1 - 2sin²ω(r) t] -2ỉ [2A/r² (θ, 0)] [sin ω(r) t cosine ω(r) t]
= Δ x + i Δ y
Δ θ = Δ x - [A/r² (θ, 0)] = - [A/r² (θ, 0)][4sin²ω(r)t]; sin ω(r)t = v/c
Δ θ = - [A/r² (θ, 0)](v/c) ²
(v/c) ² ≈ 1.75″; v² = GM/R; G = Gravitational constant; M = Sun mass; R = sun radius
Δ θ = [A/r² (θ, 0)] [1.75"]; A = area
The values depend on near by stars and the measured values fit this equation.
Russians in 1936; Δ θ = 2.74
[A/r² (θ, 0)] = π/2
Δ θ = π/2(1.75″) = 2.74″
Application 5: Shapiro time delay (Vikings 6, 7; 1977)
Mars ————————— Middle—- Sun ————- Earth
The center of mass is the sun. The sun produces a velocity field given by
v = √ [GM/a (1- ε²/4)]
From above t =2 arc length/c=2d Δ w/c = (8π r/c) (v/c) ²; Δ w=4π (v/c) ²; r = 2a=d
t = 16πGM/c³ (1-ε²/4); ε = [a (1) -a (2)]/ [a (1) + a (2)] = .2075
t = (8πd/c) (v/c) ²= 8π (377,536,987.5/299792.458) (26.6575872/299792.458)²=250μs
If d = 2a (1-ε²/4), then t = 247.597μs value theorized actual measured value is 250μs
All this is not due to space-time but due to light aberration caused by moving planets.
θ’(0,0) = h(0,0)/r²(0,0) = 2π/T
θ’ (0,t) = θ’(0,0)Exp(-2ỉwt)={2π/T} Exp (-2iwt)
θ’(0,t) = θ’(0,0) [cosine 2(wt) - ỉ sine 2(wt)] = θ’(0,0) [1- 2sine² (wt) - ỉ sin 2(wt)]
θ’(0,t) = θ’(0,t)(x) + θ’(0,t)(y); θ’(0,t)(x) = θ’(0,0)[ 1- 2sine² (wt)]
θ’(0,t)(x) – θ’(0,0) = - 2θ’(0,0)sine²(wt) = - 2θ’(0,0)(v/c)² v/c=sine wt; c=light speed
T [θ'(0, t) - θ'(0, 0)] = -4π (v/c) ²
Δ θ = -4π (v/c) ² Earth-Mars
Sun-Photon:
The circumference of an ellipse: 2πa (1 - ε²/4 + 3/16(ε²)²—) ≈ 2πa (1-ε²/4); R =a (1-ε²/4)
v=√ [Gm M/ (m + M) a (1-ε²/4)] ≈ √ [GM/a (1-ε²/4)]; m<<M; Solar system
ΔΓ = 2 arc length/c = 2[Δ θ] 2d/c = 2[- 4π (v/c) ²] 2d/c; ΔΓ = -8πd/c (v/c) ²;
ΔΓ = 8πd/c³ [GM/a (1-ε²/4)] =16πGM/c³ (1-ε²/4) = Γ0 (1 - ε²/4)
ε = [a (planet 1) - a (planet 2)]/ [a (planet 1) + a (planet 2)] =0.2075 Mars-Earth
Γ0 = 16 πGM/c³= 247.5974607μs=universal constant; ΔΓ = 250μs Mars-Earth.
Joe nahhas1958@yahoo.com All right reserved
Continuing the Discussion